Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

The Treaty of Westphalia changed Europe in the following ways:

? Ended the 30 Years War
? Canceled Edict of Restitution
? Ruler of each land decides religion
? Calvinists – legal recognition
? Independence to Swiss Confederacy & United Provinces of Holland
? Bavaria became elector state
? German princes supreme over principalities
? Sweden and France had many occasions to meddle with German affairs
? Pope opposed treaty but had no power against it
? France + Spain = war until 1659, outside of Holy Roman Empire
? France became Europe’s dominant power
? Created two internationally significant states – Brandenburg-Prussia and Austria

Source: The Western Heritage, Seventh Edition, by Kagan.